The deepest point of the oceans

DEEPER nowhere - the Mariana Trench at its deepest point on the world map located in the Pacific Ocean, just east of the archipelago of the 14 Mariana Islands, which occupy the space between 13 ° and 31 ° north latitude and 144 ° and 146 ° east longitude, near Japan. Cavity formed by shifting tectonic plates. The essence of the phenomenon lies in the fact that the edge of one tectonic plate is superimposed on another plate. Most deep Mariana Trench - the failure of Challenger, named in honor of the eponymous research vessel, which was converted from a fishing trawler headed by the Swiss scientist Jacques Picard. In this article we present the main parameters of the extreme point of the planet, the history of its study, and also touch on its ecosystem. Research the Mariana Trench was open, mapped and explored the world in 1951 by the British research vessel, "Challenger II», on whose behalf, and was named the deepest point of depression, "the point Challenger." This point is located near the south-western edge of the basin, its study was first conducted in 1960, Jacques Piccard and Lt. Navy Secretary Donald Walsh on the submersible Trieste. Bathyscaphe was designed and manufactured under the guidance of his father, Jacques Picard, Augusta, was a member of the Navy of the United States, and during the study basin set a record depth of 10,900 meters (35,810 feet). A scientist came up with a brilliant idea - to use 70 tons of gasoline to fill a 50-foot ballast controls buoyancy. Because gasoline is lighter than water, ballast tanks are filled in turn by it, which reduces the ship. With increasing depth of petrol under pressure is compressed, which further reduced the buoyancy. Thus, after 5 hours of reduction of "Trieste" reached the bottom of the ocean, surviving on every square inch of his skin pressure at 16,000 pounds. Expedition "Challenger" has allowed to throw the first glance at the ocean depths and to obtain first parameters and characteristics of the ocean floor. In addition to research the Mariana Trench, Challenger has gathered important data about the properties and parameters, the depths of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, breaking nearly 130,000 kilometers (about 71 thousand nautical miles). For four years the expedition was opened about 5000 new species of marine life. In March 1995 the Mariana Trench investigations were continued by the Japanese unmanned deep-sea apparatus "Keiko." This underwater robot is an extremely complex unit, equipped with high-precision positioning system, allows scientists to collect important scientific data, not compromising the lives of researchers. Oceanography Today identified at least 22 cavities, but not all of them have names. This number includes 18 basins in the Pacific, three - in Atlantic and one Indian. It will be interesting to compare the average depth of all oceans. Arctic .......... 1,038 m Indian ............................ 3872 m Atlantic ..................... 3873 m Pacific ...................................... 4,188 m in each ocean measurements of the deepest points gave the following results: Eurasian Arctic Ocean basin ............. 5450 m the Indian Ocean, Javanese depression ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 7725 m Atlantic basin Puerto Rico .......................... 8,648 m Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 11,033 m order to more clearly understand the scale of the depth of the deepest point on Earth, we can provide the following picture. If Mount Everest, the summit of which is the highest point of the earth's surface, conventionally cut and put on the depth of the Mariana Trench, then over the summit of Everest is still 2,183 meters of the water column. Biology in the area of ??deepest point of the ocean inhabited by thousands of species of invertebrates and fish, including such bizarre creatures as the angler-fish, so named because it uses biolyuministsentny light emitted by a special tab on her forehead and is designed to lure prey. At the bottom of the Mariana Trench is very cold and the water pressure is very, very high. On the ground surface hydrothermal many holes formed due to divergence of tectonic plates that emit hydrogen sulfide and other minerals. These inorganic products are consumed barofilichnymi specific bacteria that serve as food for other organisms, and they, in turn, are forage fish and invertebrates. Temperature near hydrothermal holes can reach 300 ° C. Liquid ejected by these holes, has a very strong acid reaction, while the water in the depths of the ocean alkalescent. Despite the fact that the earth spewing out thick mineral solution was no time to boil and mix with the surrounding cold water, a large water space around the hole has a very high temperature. Many deep-sea creatures exhibit remarkable resistance to high temperatures due to the presence of organisms in specific proteins that have the property not to decompose under these conditions, so that these creatures are able to eat, live and breed in this "hell". The highest temperature that can sustain at least some kind of bacteria, is 113 ° C, and for the animals, the figure is 50 ° C. One of the animals that thrive near the carefree tectonic sources, is Bythograea thermydron, or trumpet crab. Their number is so high that scientists are even using concentrations of these crabs to locate themselves hydrothermal vents. Crabs and fish, the fishermen - are not the only inhabitants of extreme ocean depths. Only a small sample of sludge taken from the failure of the Challenger, with more than two hundred different species of microorganisms. Another interesting feature of the inhabitants of ultra-deep layers of the ocean is their longevity, many live more than a hundred years, unless, of course, do not fall into the fishing nets. Because these creatures are almost did not migrate very slowly evolve, the question of their survival in the modern world is very, very badly. Almost everywhere in the deep ocean is very dark. To a depth of over 150 meters is almost no light penetrates, and the human eye can not distinguish the color of objects. In general, we know about the depths of the ocean is a thousand times smaller than we know about outer space, no matter how weird would not have looked that fact. At greater depths the ocean floor consists of a so-called pelagic sediment, which is also called biogenic silt. 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