TOWER BANK OF CHINA "Although it will be opened and it was about seventeen years, the Tower Bank of China» (Bank of China) in Hong Kong remains unique in its form and design facility. Architect IM Pei (IM Pei) and the design engineer Leslie Robertson (Leslie Robertson) began designing the building at the end of 1982 construction began in 1985, and for the public building opened in 1990 at the completion of construction of a skyscraper "appropriated" the title of the highest facilities in Asia and the fifth-largest building in the world. This became possible due to the fact that during its construction were used unique innovative design of a multilayer steel and concrete. In addition, it is for this reason, the skyscraper has such an unusual shape. Robertson described the basic structural building system as "reinforcing the spatial vertical farm" - in contrast to the system console beams in most tall buildings. The motivation for adopting such a concept of this unusual building has served on several factors. After completion of construction of the Hancock Tower »(Hancock Tower) in Chicago in 1970, it was found that the typical farm along the perimeter of the building, which had been established only for the resistance of lateral load, in fact, bear a substantial part of the gravitational loads. This discovery led me to think about the feasibility of the system architecture, the main role which will play a farm, and only a minor - the column, not vice versa. In other words, while in most existing designs of the columns are placed to compensate for gravity loads, and the farm, or svyazuyushaya system frame, for transverse loads, the design of "Hancock Tower" strongly suggests the possibility of change in this hierarchy is reversed. In particular, the gravity and lateral loads can withstand a basic three-dimensional frame, consisting of plane frames, if the gravity load will be transferred to it by the secondary columns and beams, studs. An important feature of the Tower Bank of China is the fact that the lattice of the farm not only compensate for the transverse load, but also convey the force of gravity on the farm belt. Then these farm belt, in turn, transmit the combined gravity and lateral loads in the foundation. The principal advantage of using spatial farm is its exceptional efficiency, due to weight reduction, a decrease in the number of columns to the foundation and the prevention of the use-consuming place concrete structural frames. However, this solution has one, but a fundamental flaw: the complexity of the design of compounds and, therefore, the tightening of requirements for the installation technology. Moreover, since the flat farm, mostly made of steel, the necessary fire protection material. Nevertheless, in the case of Tower Bank of China, the savings due to the spatial farm was clearly needed, since customers would get the same amount of total area, as in the building of Norman Foster »(Norman Foster) near Hong Kong and in the building of the Bank Shanghai ", but on a smaller site and only one-third of the budget. Trying to solve this complex problem, Drink and Robertson have designed their innovative composite space trusses, combining the relevant strength of steel and concrete to achieve the necessary savings without incurring the associated inconveniences. Style of composition Tower Bank of China "is a cross between a beam pipe with the increasing height of the tower" Sears Tower »(Sears Tower), built in 1974, and diagonal bracing Tower Hancock Tower, built in 1970 - both located in Chicago, and their designs are designed by renowned architect Fazlur Khan (Fazlur Khan). Tower Bank of China consists of four space-frame bundles with a triangular cross section, which consistently reach the 28 th, 38 th, 51 th and 70 th floors to reach the final height of the building - 315 m (elevation roof) and additional 54 m due to the size of the two masts. On the plane wall of these tubes correspond to the four sides of isosceles triangles, obtained by dividing the square 54-m profile of the building into quadrants along the diagonal. Each tube can even be seen as the result of vertical stacking of individual space-frame module height of 54 m. These modules are formed by connecting the belt three vertical flat farms in three corners of each of four equilateral triangles of the plan, ie two inner triangular trusses and one outer square farm with cross coupling. Thus, the highest tube consists of five such modules, the next pipe consists of three, two, and then - only one. However, because these modules have a common farm in the interior of the building, the total space-frame structure can be described as a compound of eight different vertical flat farms of different heights and configurations: four farms on the perimeter with one, two, three and five panels with cross-bracing and four domestic farm. These farms are made of unusually thin plates, with simple connections, ie none of the steel plates no thicker than 10 cm contractor steel structures calculated that the installation will require only half the usual amount of welding work produced during the construction of other buildings of comparable scale. As a result of completing the "vertical space truss of beams" is actually made by embedding all the farm belts in four massive concrete corner pillars and a central column. To create more stability and protection against fire, lacing filled and covered with concrete. Finally, while the asymmetric shape of the building and is associated with an irregular force of gravity and lateral loads, belt trusses in the concrete columns are configured so that any loads or eccentricities are suppressed, or not go beyond safety margins - including the general twisting side load on the asymmetric building! In fact, the resulting vertical components actually comprise four corner pillars and a central supporting the entire building. With this merger of steel and concrete can be completely rid of costly complications when connecting flange of different geometry, and the advantages of both materials used to their full extent. Interestingly, the resulting composite corner pillars rising directly from the basement, and the inner belt of the four domestic farms are connected by a central concrete columns so that this column has its origins not in the basement. More precisely, it refers to the top 25 floors of the angular triangular trusses, the most certain the underside of the two domestic farms and corresponding to one quadrant of the square plan. (With increasing altitude, the central column supported by two additional triangular trusses, corresponding to two adjacent quadrants. Load on the central pillar, thus, are distributed on the corner of the column through three similar farms in three different heights). Removal of the central pillar of the base of the building led to the extraordinary capacity of the lobby of the building. Nevertheless, under this lobby is the foundation of reinforced concrete coffered, densely stocked, approximately, 110 caissons to support the building surface and four caissons in its corners. In addition to gravity loads from its own weight and lateral loads tower space truss is more gravity load of the individual slabs through the secondary columns on the perimeter, partially supported by cross-bracing of plane trusses. In addition, the farm has influence and horizontal loads generated by the invisible outside bezraskosnyh farms located between all the modules of the space-frame height of 54 m. Although these bezraskosnye farm and cause a small gap between the cross-bracing on the facade of the building, they perform the necessary transfer function of gravitational loads on the slabs in the corner pillars in cases where such transfer is in the X-bracing is inadequate or uneven. With respect to gravity loads, therefore, the four corner and one central main column loaded by 20 columns around the perimeter of the 4 th to 25 th floor, 17 columns around the perimeter until the 38 th floor, 12 columns on the perimeter to 51 th floor and, finally, 9 columns on the perimeter - to 70-th floor. As a result of innovative research Peja and Robertson in the structures, materials and installation, was constructed a truly unique building, reaching an astounding performance on the use of building materials. Tower Bank of China "- a real record, it used only 100 kg of steel per square meter. In this case, the architects have achieved the basic requirements - created a tower of record highs. In fact, the uniqueness of the towers' Bank of China "by the absence to date of similar competitors in form, height and design. ______________________________________ Translated from English by T. Ponomarenko © Copy materials from the site is strictly prohibited! 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